What 5 hormones are used to maintain homeostatis in PA state? to mobilize glucose reserves by glycogenolysis The hormone that controls essentially all events of the absorptive state is __________. Absorptive state occurs when blood glucose concentraion: What 4 hormones are used in absorptive state feedback mechanism: In IMMEDIATE RESPONSE, what enters the cells using the hormones insulin and thyroxine? In mi- tochondria, each NADH yields 3 molecules of ATP, whereas each FADH2 yields just 2 molecules of ATP. The five major groups of lipoproteins are chylomicrons, very low density lipoproteins (VLDLs), intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDLs), low-density lipoproteins (LDLs), and high-density lipoproteins (HDLs). Some articles in the popular media refer to "good cholesterol" and "bad cholesterol." D) fat mobilization occurs. Justine's vitamin-deficient diet is likely to lead to deficiencies of all the fat-soluble and water-soluble vita- mins, including D, E, K, all the B vitamins, and vitamin C. Because the liver has an extensive blood supply, it can easily monitor blood composition of these nutrients and regulate them accordingly. 2. formation of glucose from non carb source. During the absorptive state, insulin prevents a large surge in blood glucose after a meal by causing the liver to remove glucose from the hepatic portal circulation. B) growth hormone. The Postabsorptive State. and made into what? How would a decrease in the amount of bile salts in the bile affect the amount of vitamin A in the body? In KETOGENESIS ketone acids are formed from the breakdown of what? Deamination is the removal of an amino group from an amino acid. During the absorptive state, insulin prevents a large surge in blood glucose after a meal by causing the liver to remove glucose from the hepatic portal circulation. Decreased NAD would reduce the amount of pyruvate produced by glycolysis; less pyruvate means that the citric acid cycle could produce less, Beta-oxidation is fatty acid catabolism that produces molecules of acetyl-CoA, Identify the five major groups of lipoproteins. In lipid catabolism, a triglyceride is hydrolyzed, yielding glycerol and fatty acids. Start studying Chapter 25: Absorptive and Postabsorptive States. What hormone is used to turn glucose into glycogen? All of the following occur during the postabsorptive state except that A) glycogenolysis occurs in the liver. Glucose levels in the blood begin to drop as it is absorbed and used by the cells. The ketones are also converted into keto acids such as acetic acid. Energy from the stepwise passage of electrons (from H atoms) along the cytochrome molecules is used to pump hydrogen ions from the matrix into the intermembrane space. Vitamins and minerals are essential com- ponents of the diet because the body cannot synthesize most of the vitamins and minerals it requires. In IMMEDIATE RESPONSE, glucose enter the cells using what 2 hormones? Postabsorptive state Energy may be provided by mechanisms such as the breakdown of a stored glycogen, oxidation of ketone bodies, and conversion of glycerol into glucose...during which state? In gluconeogenesis, during the postabsorptive state, amino acids and ____ are converted to glucose. During this state, the body must rely initially on stored glycogen. How would a diet that is deficient in pyridoxine (vitamin B6) affect protein metabolism? In GLUCONEOGENESIS, glucose is formed from what? The absorptive state, or the fed state, occurs after a meal when your body is digesting the food and absorbing the nutrients (catabolism exceeds anabolism). What is oxidative phosphorylation? For several hours during and after a meal C) insulin. Metabolism is the sum of all energy-requiring and energy-consuming processes of the body. E. protein synthesis is active. Acetone has a fruity aroma, so her breath would also smell fruity. If Justine's diet—which includes very little milk, liver, eggs, fish, leafy green, yellow, and orange vegetables, and fruits—is deficient in vitamin A, what other vitamin deficiencies might be expected? During the postabsorptive state, the digestive tract is empty and energy comes from the breakdown of the body's reserves. What 4 hormones are used during KETOGENESIS? The end result of PA state, the lipids are broken down to form _____________ __________ to make ______________. B) levels of blood glucose are elevated above normal. C) ketone bodies may be formed. In GLUCONEOGENESIS, what is formed from a non carb source? The citric acid cycle must turn ___________ time(s) to completely me- tabolize the pyruvate produced from one glucose molecule. Metabolism is the sum of all biochemical processes under way within the human body; it includes anabolism and ca- tabolism. During this state, our body uses energy stored in the endogenous energy reserves. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Part D Metabolism During the Absorptive State During the absorptive state, metabolism adjusts to either provide energy for immediate use or store excess energy to be used later Drag the appropriate items into their respective bins. The postabsorptive state, or the fasting state, occurs when the food has been digested, absorbed, and stored. The major groups are chylomicrons, which consist of 95 percent triglyceride, are the largest lipoproteins, and carry absorbed lipids from the intestinal tract to the blood- stream; very low density lipoproteins (VLDLs), which consist of triglyceride, phospholipid, and cholesterol, and transport triglycer- ides to peripheral tissues; intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDLs), which are intermediate in size and composition between VLDLs and LDLs; low-density lipoproteins (LDLs, or "bad cholesterol"), which are mostly cholesterol and deliver cholesterol to peripheral tissues; and high-density lipoproteins (HDLs, or "good choles- terol"), which are equal parts protein and lipid (cholesterol and phospholipids) and transport excess cholesterol to the liver for stor- age or excretion in bile. Blood levels of urea increase during the postabsorptive state because the deamination of many amino acids at that time yields ammonium ions, which are then converted to urea by the liver. What are the major groups of lipoproteins, and how do they differ? These terms refer to lipo- proteins in the blood that transport cholesterol. Chemoreceptors send nerve impluse to where (4): pancreas adrenal glad pituitary gland peripheral nerves, The pancreas, adrenal glad, pituitary gland and peripheral nerves send hormones to what organs?(3). Her breath smells fruity, and her blood and urine samples contain high levels of ketone bodies. Key Terms. Section: 27.03b Topic: Nutrition and Metabolism 27-Glucagon 62. One afternoon she is rushed to the emergency room because of cardiac arrhythmias. As a result, body temperature would increase. How would a decrease in the level of NAD in the cytosol affect ATP production in mitochondria? High levels of HDLs indicate that a considerable amount of cholesterol is being removed from the peripheral tissues and carried to the liver for disposal. This forms a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane. However, an intermediary in the mitochondrial membrane can transfer the electrons from the NADH to a coenzyme within the mitochondria. A) insulin. If a cell accumulates more acetyl-CoA than it can metabolize in the citric acid cycle, what products are likely to form? What is a lipoprotein? Question options: High-density lipoproteins (HDLs) are considered ben- eficial to health because they reduce the amount of fat (including cholesterol) in the bloodstream by transporting it to the liver for storage or excretion in the bile. What feedback mechanism is used during post absorptive state? Because she is literally starv- ing herself, her body is metabolizing large amounts of fatty acids and amino acids to provide energy, and in the process is producing large quantities of ketone bodies (normal metabolites from these catabolic processes). How would the BMR of a pregnant woman compare with her own BMR before she became pregnant? B. glycerol is used for gluconeogenesis. A diet deficient in pyridoxine (vitamin B6), an important coenzyme in de- aminating and transaminating amino acids in cells, would interfere with the body's ability to metabolize proteins. To which types and functions of cholesterol do these terms refer? Given that his family has a history of cardiovascular disease, he wonders if he should modify his lifestyle. Why? Explain how the electron trans- port system is involved in this process. Glycogen is formed in the liver during the absorptive state. As a result, infants must expend more energy to maintain body temperature, and they get cold more easily than do healthy adults. In PA state, chemoreceptors detect a(n) increase/decrease in glucose or amino acid concentration in the blood? Catabolism is the breakdown of organic molecules into simpler components, accompanied by the release of en-. d. spleen. state except. At the middle of a liver lobule is a central: A. artery. Explain the processes that regulate glucose levels during the absorptive and postabsorptive states; Explain how metabolism is essential to maintaining body temperature (thermoregulation) Summarize the importance of vitamins and minerals in the diet; Figure 1. causes a decline in circulating ketone bodies. In order to maintain a normal blood glucose level, nutrients that were stored during the absorptive state and now being broken down during the postabsorptive state. Consider how the absorptive and post-absorptive patterns of metabolism are controlled by hormones,… The liver also stores energy in the form of glycogen. Other than diet and vitamin supplementation, is there any other available source of vitamin A? D. An athlete who is adding muscle mass through extensive training would try to maintain a positive nitrogen balance. The two classes of vitamins are fat-soluble and water-soluble. Anabolism is the synthesis of new organic molecules from simpler components, and it requires energy. Each NADH produced by glycolysis in skeletal muscle fibers leads to the production of 2 ATP molecules in the mitochondria, but each NADH produced by glycolysis in cardiac muscle cells leads to the production of 3 ATP molecules. "Good cholesterol" (high-density lipoproteins, or HDLs) transports excess cholesterol to the liver for storage or breakdown, whereas "bad cholesterol" (low- density lipoproteins, or LDLs) transports cholesterol to peripheral tissues, which unfortunately may include the arteries. Postabsorptive State: Resting after absorption of meal. During the postabsorptive state, blood glucose begins to decline, triggering the liver to release glu- cose produced through glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. During the postabsorptive state, blood glucose begins to decline, triggering the liver to release glu- cose produced through glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. The end result of PA state, the plasma glucose increases/decreases? One of the ketones formed is acetone, which can be eliminated through the lungs. In IMMEDIATE RESPONSE, amino acids enter the cells using what 2 hormones? Digestion begins the moment you put food into your mouth, as the food is broken down into its constituent parts to be absorbed through the intestine. During the absorptive state, the stomach and intestines contain nutrients that are being absorbed by the body. gluconeogensis is stimulated by. In GLUCONEOGENESIS, glycerol, amino acids, lactic acids are made into what? The primary role of the citric acid cycle in ATP production is to transfer electrons from substrates to coenzymes. Learning Objective: 27.03.02 Explain when the postabsorptive state occurs, and how nutrient levels are regulated during this time. The sequence of reactions responsible for the breakdown of fatty acid molecules is (a) beta-oxidation, (b) the citric acid cycle, (c) lipogen- esis, (d) all of these. C) glucagon. Would an athlete in intensive training try to maintain a. In GLYCOGENOLYSIS what breaks down into glucose? The vasoconstriction of peripheral vessels would decrease blood flow to the skin and thus the amount of heat the body can lose. gluconeogenesis is stimulated by decreased levels of. C. lipids are stored in adipose tissue. This is probably the cause of her arrhythmias. What 5 hormones are used during LIPOLYSIS? The postabsorptive state, or the fasting state, occurs when the food has been digested, absorbed, and stored. During the postabsorptive state tissues other than the brain utilize fatty acids for energy, and the liver produces glucose by breaking down glycogen to glucose and converting other substrates to glucose via gluconeogenesis. The process that produces more than 90 percent of the ATP used by our cells is (a) glycolysis, (b) the citric acid cycle, (c) substrate-level phosphorylation, (d) oxidative phosphorylation. How is beta-oxidation in- volved in lipid catabolism? A) cortisol B) insulin C) glucagon D) epinephrine E) thyroid hormone Thus, this is the key difference between absorptive and postabsorptive state. glucagon epinephrine glucocorticoids gh thyroxine, stimulates breakdown of glycogen into glucose. In large amounts, this lowers the body's pH. Explain the processes that regulate glucose levels during the absorptive and postabsorptive states; Explain how metabolism is essential to maintaining body temperature (thermoregulation) Summarize the importance of vitamins and minerals in the diet Why are vitamins and minerals essential components of the diet? The electron transport system consists of a sequence of metal ion-containing proteins (metalloproteins) called cytochromes, embedded in the in- ner mitochondrial membrane. The BMR of a pregnant woman would be higher than her own BMR when she is not pregnant, due to both the increased metabolism associated with supporting the fetus and the contribution of fetal metabolism. The vitamins generally associated with vitamin toxicity are (a) fat-soluble vitamins, (b) water-soluble vitamins. Why do infants have greater problems with thermoregulation than adults? In skeletal muscle cells, the intermediary transfers the electrons to FAD, whereas cardiac muscle cells use a different intermediary, which transfers the electrons to another NAD. What would you tell him? ... All of the following complement the actions of glucocorticoids in the postabsorptive . b. brain. Glycerol is converted to pyruvate and enters the citric acid cycle. Print chapter 25 flashcards and study them anytime, anywhere. Glycogen formation is called glycogenesis, which takes place depending on the demand for glucose and ATP. Meanwhile, the postabsorptive state starts after the complete absorption of nutrients. there is a substantial reduction in blood glucose concentration compared to the absorptive state. What 2 hormones are used during GLYCOGENOLYSIS? The NADH produced by glycolysis cannot enter the mi- tochondria, where the enzymes of the electron transport chain are located. Jill suffers from anorexia nervosa. 9. These nutrients are used to meet the immediate energy needs of the body. What process in the liver increases after you have eaten a high-carbohydrate meal? Diet and vitamin supplementation are the only known sources of vitamin A. Transamination is the transfer of an amino group from one molecule to another, especially from an amino acid to a keto acid. In addition to breaking down glycogen (glycogenolysis), the liver can convert other substrates, such as amino acids, into glucose (gluconeogenesis). You would encourage Charlie not to change, and keep up the good work. Do the absorptive state pathways occur separately or all at once? Catabolism refers to (a) the creation of a nutrient pool, (b) the sum total of all chemical reactions in the body, (c) the production of or- ganic compounds, (d) the breakdown of organic substrates. The flactuations of glucose and insulin in human during the course of a day: The fluctuation of blood sugar (red) and the sugar-lowering hormone insulin (blue) in humans during the course of a day with three meals. Problems are associated with elevated levels of LDLs, which carry cholesterol to peripheral tissues and make it available for the formation of atherosclerotic plaques in blood vessels. During the postabsorptive state A. blood glucose rises. 17. A function of the liver during the postabsorptive state is _____. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. It appears that Jill is suffering from ketoaci- dosis as a consequence of her anorexia. breaks down complex structures to simpler ones. builds up triglycerides during the postabsorptive state. Liver cells can break down or synthesize most carbohydrates, lipids, and amino acids. The 2-carbon compounds then enter the citric acid cycle. A post-absorptive state differs from an absorptive state. During"the"beginning"of"the"postTabsorptive"state,"skeletal+muscle"obtains" some"of"its"energyfromusingits"stored"glycogen,"undergoing"glycogenolysis" ... Microsoft Word - Absorptive and Postabsorptive States in a Nutshell-for Distribution-Final.docx Created Date: The hydrogen ions diffuse back through ATP synthase and generate ATP. What 4 hormones are used during GLUCONEOGENESIS? formation of ketone acids from breakdown of fat. 16. In GLUCONEOGENESIS, glucose is made from what? How are lipids catabolized in the body? Your first task is to apply the mass balance equation to the maintenance of the glucose pool during the absorptive and postabsorptive states. A function of the liver during the postabsorptive state is _____. during postabsorptive state, glucagon __ blood energy sources by __ both glucose & fatty acid levels restores; enhancing during postabsorptive state, certain hormonal controls combined with persistent low glucose levels or prolonged fasting, most fat that is mobilized is Why is the liver the focal point for metabolic regulation and control? Explain your answer. As the body progresses from the absorptive to the post absorptive state, only ___ continues to burn glucose while every other organ in the body mostly switches to fatty acids. B. arteriole. What hormones are used to turn amino acids into proteins? be in good health, at least relative to his diet and prob- able exercise. In the liver, the amine group of glutamic acid is removed as _____ in the oxidative state. A decrease in the amount of bile salts, which are necessary for digesting and absorbing fats and fat-soluble vitamins (including vitamin A), would result in less vitamin A in the body, and perhaps a vitamin A deficiency. Glucose is made into __________ during glycogenesis, In GLYCOGENESIS what is made into glycogen. (a) fasting, (b) postabsorptive, (c) absorptive, (d) stress, (e) bulimic. b. brain. In KETOGENESIS, what is formed from the breakdown of fat? In the end result of the absorptive state: What state occurs when plasma glucose concentration is decreased? Charlie has a blood test that shows a normal level of lDls but an elevated level of HDls in his blood. A decrease in cytosolic NAD would reduce ATP production in mitochondria. In IMMEDIATE RESPONSE, what enters the cells using the hormones insulin and gh? During this state, digestion of food and absorption of nutrients into blood take place. The plasma glucose concentration is maintained surprisingly constant during the fasting, or postabsorptive, state because of the secretion of glucose from the liver. Infants have higher surface-to-volume ratios than do adults, and the body's temperature-regulating mechanisms are not fully functional at birth. If both are present in relatively high amounts, then the excess of insulin promotes the glucose conversion into glycogen for storage in the liver and muscle cells. Why are high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) considered beneficial to health? What effect does peripheral vasoconstriction on a hot day have on an individual's body temperature? THE ABSORPTIVE AND POST-ABSORPTIVE STATES Chapter objectives After studying this chapter you should be able to: 1. Why do blood levels of urea increase during the post absorptive state? In PROTEIN SYNTHESIS amino acids are turned into what? 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