He noted that someone had once defined the Indian Civil Service, "with which we are unfortunately still afflicted in this country, as neither Indian, nor civil, nor a service. [10] He was subsequently initiated into the Theosophical Society at age thirteen by family friend Annie Besant. Nehru joined the movement and rose to become secretary of Besant's Home Rule League. [139], Under Nehru's leadership, the government attempted to develop India quickly by embarking on agrarian reform and rapid industrialisation. The Government of India have been hiding this fact. At the same time a series of failed monsoons would cause serious food shortages despite the steady progress and increase in agricultural production. Within a couple of years, Nandlal secured a job as a clerk in the court of a Raja of Khetri and began supporting his mother and brother. Yet from then on, the yardstick of his economic thinking remained Marxist, adjusted, where necessary, to Indian conditions. [226] Indira was elected as Congress party President in 1959 which aroused criticism for alleged nepotism, although actually Nehru had disapproved of her election, partly because he considered that it smacked of "dynasticism"; he said, indeed it was "wholly undemocratic and an undesirable thing", and refused her a position in his cabinet. Motilal Nehru twice served as President of the Congress Party, once in Amritsar (1919) and the second time in Calcutta (1928). [45][46] Nehru drafted the Indian declaration of independence, which stated:[47]. [67] The trio combined to oust Dr. Prasad as Congress President in 1936. Linlithgow made Nehru an offer on 8 October 1940, which stated that Dominion status for India was the objective of the British government. His real interest in Marxism and his socialist pattern of thought stem from that tour. Thus, he adopted the name ‘Nehru’ as the family name. Under Nehru, he served as India's high commissioner to UK, UN ambassador, and union minister of defence. It means a lot. Nehru stressed commonality among Indians and promoted pan-Indianism, refusing to reorganise states on either religious or ethnic lines. As Home Minister, his chief achievement was the re-organisation of States along linguistic lines. "I do believe that, where there is only a choice between cowardice and violence, I would advise violence." Though life is logical, we have to face all contingencies, and unless we are prepared to face them, we will go under. Jawaharlal Nehru's mother's name was Swaroop Rani. 85–108. During the mid-1930s, Nehru was much concerned with developments in Europe, which seemed to be drifting toward another world war. They had two sons – Rajiv (b. In the post, it is written that Motilal’s father’s original name was Ghiyasuddin and he later changed his name to Gangadhar Nehru. [citation needed]. Nehru's education policy is also credited for the development of world-class educational institutions such as the All India Institute of Medical Sciences,[251] Indian Institutes of Technology,[252] and the Indian Institutes of Management. In that capacity, she was instrumental in getting the Communist led Kerala State Government dismissed in 1959. A. Motilal Nehru B. Gangadhar Nehru C. Lakshmi Narayan Nehru D. Shamlal Nehru View Answer. For Nehru, modernization was the national philosophy, with seven goals: national unity, parliamentary democracy, industrialization, socialism, development of the scientific temper, and non-alignment. [176], Dag Hammarskjöld, the second Secretary-General of the United Nations, said that while Nehru was superior from a moral point of view, Zhou Enlai was more skilled in realpolitik. "[10], Nehru went to Trinity College, Cambridge in October 1907 and graduated with an honours degree in natural science in 1910. In December 1953, Nehru appointed the States Reorganisation Commission to prepare for the creation of states on linguistic lines. [16] During this time, he continued to study the scholars of the Fabian Society including Beatrice Webb. [116][117] In the election, despite a large number of parties competing, the Congress party under Nehru's leadership won large majorities at both state and national level. Nehru maintained good relations with Britain even after the Suez Crisis. He agreed to join a Committee with the object of promoting the recruitment of Indian officers into the Indian Army, but this decision contributed to others going further and joining the Government itself. [121], According to Bhikhu Parekh, Nehru can be regarded as the founder of the modern Indian state. Negotiations between Congress and Muslim League for power sharing failed and gave way to the independence and bloody partition of India in 1947. [62][63] The elections brought Congress party to power in a majority of the provinces with increased popularity and power for Nehru. [168], Nehru orchestrated the ouster and arrest of Sheikh Abdullah, the then prime minister of Kashmir in 1953, whom he had previously supported but now suspected of harbouring separatist ambitions; Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad replaced him. Nehru was one of the first leaders to demand that the Congress Party should resolve to make a complete and explicit break from all ties with the British Empire. [28], Several nationalist leaders banded together in 1916 under the leadership of Annie Besant to voice a demand for self-governance, and to obtain the status of a Dominion within the British Empire as enjoyed by Australia, Canada, South Africa, New Zealand, and Newfoundland at the time. A committed nationalist since his teenage years, he became a rising figure in Indian politics during the upheavals of the 1910s. Jawaharlal was the eldest of four … Many great music maestros have sang their own renditions of 'Ae Mere Watan Ke Logon', but none can compete with 'nightingale of Bollywood', Lata Mangeshkar's rendition, who created history as … [11], On 5 February 1919 he launched a new daily paper, The Independent, as a counterblast to The Leader, which was much too liberal for Motilal's standard and articulate thought in 1919.[1]. [130][135] India lagged behind the miracle economies (Japan, West Germany, France, and Italy). A split was averted by a proposal by Mahatma Gandhi, according to which if Britain did not concede Dominion Status within a year, the Congress was to demand complete independence and to fight for it, if necessary, by launching civil disobedience. [122], After the fall of Bose from the mainstream of Indian politics (because of his support of violence in driving the British out of India),[123] the power struggle between the socialists and conservatives balanced out. Adult education centers, vocational and technical schools were also organised for adults, especially in the rural areas. The 13th volume of the “Encyclopedia of Indian War of Independence” (ISBN:81-261-3745-9) by M.K. He became involved with aggressive nationalists leaders who were demanding Home Rule for Indians.[27]. She did receive some support from him, but all of Delhi had suffered hugely during the recent mutiny and assistance could not be open-ended. He has left behind a very great reputation in this court and his name will always be associated with this Court and be one of the traditions of this Court. Nehru served as the prime minister for eighteen years. [8], Nehru described his childhood as a "sheltered and uneventful one." The Part C states included both the former chief commissioners' provinces and some princely states, and each was governed by a chief commissioner appointed by the President of India. Later, Pakistan handed over some portion of Kashmir near Siachen controlled by Pakistan since 1948 to China. His father Motilal Nehru was a renowned lawyer, and leader of the Indian independence movement. The Calcutta Congress (December 1928) over which Motilal presided was the scene of a head-on clash between those who were prepared to accept Dominion Status and those who would have nothing short of complete independence. Jawaharlal Nehru was born on November 14th 1889 in Allahabad in a rich Kashmiri Family. But the real importance, to my mind, lay in the effect they had on our own people, and especially the village masses.… Non-cooperation dragged them out of the mire and gave them self-respect and self-reliance.… They acted courageously and did not submit so easily to unjust oppression; their outlook widened and they began to think a little in terms of India as a whole.… It was a remarkable transformation and the Congress, under Gandhi's leadership, must have the credit for it. Gandhi stepped back into a more spiritual role. [210][211] Deshmukh succeeded John Mathai as the Union Finance Minister in 1950 after Mathai resigned in protest over the transfer of certain powers to the Planning Commission. The Congress and various other Indian organisations threatened to launch protests if she were not set free. [204], Abul Kalam Azad was the First Minister of Education in the Indian government Minister of Human Resource Development (until 25 September 1958, Ministry of Education). The Nehru Report, the first constitution written by Indians only, envisioned a dominion status for India within the Empire, akin to Australia, New Zealand and Canada. Thursday 14 Nov 1889. "[20] Nehru harboured doubts regarding the effectiveness of Congress but agreed to work for the party in support of the Indian civil rights movement led by Mahatma Gandhi in South Africa,[21] collecting funds for the movement in 1913. 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